UNCCD (United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification).

But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. They may forceto cut down the tree to make charcoal.

The mean minimum and maximum annual temperature change varied from less than 15C (in the highlands) to above 25C (in the lowlands) of Ethiopia (Kew et al., Citation2017; Regassa et al., Citation2010). This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. It is also difficult to implement mechanize farms, inefficient to work on it to secure the families demand because the small farm size cultivated is yielded lower. Does aquaculture add resilience to the global food system? Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity.

Figure 1. Despite numerous challenges of agricultural activities, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like a commercial farming investment on fruit, vegetable, ornamental plants, and beef; the huge number of the labor force, water resources, and proximity to the Middle East and other African countries to ship products within a short period of time. The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times.

The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, Citation2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), Citation2016). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges.

It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., Citation2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). This review paper addresses the key problems to the countrys policymakers, academic workers, researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders to plan to solve the problems in the future. Because many family members will be becoming jobless since the land is not enough to engage them as full-time farmers. The total land under fruits and vegetable cultivation is estimated to be only about 0.45million hectares, which is less than 5% of the total cultivated land (MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development), Citation2009).

Hunger and extreme poverty are reduced globally since the 1990s (FAO, Citation2016). Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, Citation2017). International governments and organizations could support the country not only by the provision of credit and donation but also should make sure that the political and economic environment for permitting the intended goals. If this has come to the fact, the proportion of energetic productive man is decreased and negatively impacts on world production and productivity due to their retirement.

WebREPORT ON THE ETHIOPIAN ECONOMY iv continues to witness. The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. The above-raised problems contributed a picture of increased degradation of existing arable land, as well as difficulties with making new arable land in the future. A study has also been conducted by Tho (2006) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

This is because of the rapid increment of population, change of fertile farmland to construction for the urban dwellers, climate change, decline of available natural resources, inflation of basic needs, young unemployment, political turmoil, and civil conflict (Alemu & Mengistu, Citation2019; FTF (Feed the Future), Citation2018; Simane et al., Citation2016).
The lowlands are vulnerable to increased temperatures and prolonged droughts, while the highlands suffered from more intense and irregular rainfall. UNDESA (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division). However, nowadays most rural households are denied access to arable land in the highland of Ethiopia due to high population growth and shortage of arable land. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020; Welay et al., Citation2018; Ministry of Agriculture, Citation2014). Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. (Citation2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. Making This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. Figure 2. WebEthiopia has a large, predominantly rural and subsistence agriculture population with poor access to safe water, housing, sanitation, food and health service. The integral agricultural practices to sustain its growth include the use of farmland, labor, other inputs through technological progress, social innovation, and new business models in efficient and effective ways by conserving the scarce natural resources according to local conditions (Troell et al., Citation2014; OECD, Citation2011).

However, traditional agriculture is inefficient to feed these populations unless further modifications are implemented in the policy of the country. https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation. Furthermore, it requires institutionalizing the policy of institutions, technologies, capacity building, infrastructure, and markets to mitigate the constraints of smallholders (Awulachew et al., Citation2007). Ethiopias agriculture exports 60 percent of total exports in 2019have also been dealt a major blow as demand slows in major European and North American Especially after the industrial revolution, agriculture became an increasingly global affair, with wealthier countries controlling natural resources worldwide to satisfy growing domestic consumer demand.

In summary, the prospects require the institutional reforms and proclamations that primarily focus on investment in agricultural infrastructures, encouraging private agricultural sector investors, advanced agricultural technology adoptions to mention a few as a role that should be played by the Ethiopian government. Farmland fragmentation in Ethiopia. Grain yields are relatively low d The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. WebAgricultural expansion affecting Acacia Woodland in Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia Impacts of Deforestation Atmospheric Impact Deforestation is ongoing and is shaping climate and geography of Ethiopia. It enhanced the integration of researchers affiliated on the crop improvements, conservation agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, and the development of crop varieties that are more tolerant to pests, diseases, drought, waterlogging, and salinity (FAO, Citation2013). However, following the rapidly growing population, increased number of livestock, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded. In Ethiopia, natural resources are under the influence of various interconnected factors like population pressure, agricultural expansion, migration, rapid The livelihood of rural households in Ethiopia, like in most developing countries, largely depends on land resource.

Furthermore, it is used for utilizing the countrys agricultural productivity growth, political commitment, and scrutinize the necessity of mechanized farms at the national level. It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, Citation2020). The annual rate of soil loss is higher than the annual rate of soil formation. Background Soil erosion and nutrient depletion have been the major challenges in Ethiopia that adversely affect soil fertility and crop productivity. These farmers, whose output is predominantly cereal crops, account for 95.0% of the agricultural production in Ethiopia. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Around 80.0-85.0% of Ethiopians are engaged in agriculture, mainly in subsistence and rain-fed farming and livestock production.

The majority of this growth originated from Ethiopias dominating agriculture-based economy; the agricultural sector accounts for 37 percent to GDP, one of the highest shares in sub-

But the efforts were fails because of some factors like need of incentives, technology that needs too much labor, reduction of farm size and lack of awareness. The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Based on this background, the state farmland provision for the farmer is more than 3045years and on average the current landowner is above 4850years of age at a minimum level. Challenges 2.1. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, Citation2017). The technological input like synthetic chemical fertilizers has also increased the acidity of soil from time to time in high rainfall areas. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. Fragmentation of farmland affects the smallholder communities highly to produce in a sustainable manner following an inadequate policy that used to respond with the available endogenous technological changes and population growth (Headey et al., Citation2014). Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia.

Agriculture is particularly vulnerable to climate-related effects such as erratic rainfall in the semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. Issues impacting agriculture identified in the survey include: Supplying the growing global demand for commodities arising from developing economies and world population growth.

These constraints of soil make a significant portion of land unsuited for crop productions unless serious modification or enhancement is made (Campbell, Citation2011).

This can be attributed to two factors. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. Therefore, increasing such activities will increase the country's income and food demand. Teshome (Citation2014) reported that the rapidly increasing Ethiopians following the weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. WebParticularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soils physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. Generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production in Ethiopia. The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Supply-demand prospects and development problems for Ethiopian agriculture. [8]

The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to It reduces crop yield, nutrition, groundwater, soil organic matter, soil quality, soil health, and incomes (Melese, Citation2019; Tufa, Citation2019), vegetation coverage, and its phenology (Tenaw & Debella, Citation2017) and caused socio-economic problems in Ethiopia (Getahun, Citation2017). )), Solms (Liliales: Pontederiaceae; mesquite, Prosopis juliflora (SW) DC (Fabacea) and parasitic weed (Crenata broomrape, Orobanche crenata Forskal on faba bean and witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Delil) Benth, Orobancheace) on sorghum are affecting the countrys economy (MoANR, Citation2016).

Other modeling work suggests that the loss of agricultural value between 2000-2010 will be a huge $7 billion. Shortage and landlessness of arable farm land in the highlands. 3099067 2 (1971), p. 46. The country is known for the regular food shortage that occurred due to droughts, sudden outbreaks of natural disasters, pests, lack of rainfall, and shortage of technological advancement in the past centuries. ), grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and bean bruchids (Acanthoscelides obtectus, Bruchus pisorum, and Zabrotes subfasciatus)], aphids, thrips, two-spotted spider mites (Tetranchus urticae), white mango scale insects (Aulacaspis tubercularis), etc. Globally, about 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation (https://www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation)(Figures 2 and 3).

Weband barley) are the core of Ethiopias agriculture and food economy, accounting for about three-quarters of total area cultivated and 29 percent of agricultural GDP in 2005/06 (14 In particular, Africa and Latin America have the highest proportion of degraded agricultural land whereas Asia has the largest proportion of degraded forest land as revenue-poor national governments pursue lucrative policies of deforestation. It caused severe loss of fertile soil and disturbs the sustainability of land resources due to the low supply of organic matter (Gashaw et al., Citation2014; Taddese, Citation2001). The central challenge for the Ethiopian Government is to make sure that cities are attractive places in which to work and live, while fostering smart urbanization. FAO (Citation2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. The integrated approach requires re-introducing biological complexity like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and the presence of trees. Table 3. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Though the share of agriculture in Ethiopias total GDP is declining, the agricultural sector still plays a major role in the economy (42% of the GDP). Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, Citation2007; Dorosh & Rashid, Citation2013; Stefan et al., Citation2008). Annual minimum temperature variability by AEZs (19792013). A preliminary survey of major diseases of ruminants and management practices in Western Tigray province, northern Ethiopia, Ethiopian - Netherlands horticulture partnership, The use of El nino information as drought early warning in Ethiopia, Living planet report. Furthermore, feeding the population in the near future in developing countries like Ethiopia is expected to increase production and productivity.

Particularly, the GOE under the new administration has given renewed emphasis to develop the agriculture sector and ensure food security. Risk and resilience in a new era. For instance, rainfall is one of the most noticed climate variables in the country. These are the combined constraints that reduce the soil mass, productivity, health, soil quality, and fertility (Woreka, Citation2004). The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic materials.

Underlying causes of land degradation may include among others; migration, farmland shortages, and poverty which forces people to go into unsustainable land practices (Nkonya et al., Citation2011). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. 5 Howick Place | London | SW1P 1WG. This report also argued that the farmers are barely able to feed their families and contributed to further environmental deterioration. In the coming decades, ensuring food security is one of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia. Globally, the total degraded land area was estimated from a range of fewer than one billion hectares to over six billion hectares with the variation of its spatial distribution (Gibbs & Salmon, Citation2015) (Figures 2 and 3). Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. Therefore, liberalizing the land market by lifting the land contract restrictions can enhance the exchange of land among rural households (Belay et al., Citation2017). The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., Citation2020). For Ethiopia to It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Trop Drylands 2: 18-27.

Register a free Taylor & Francis Online account today to boost your research and gain these benefits: The challenges and prospects of Ethiopian agriculture, 1 College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, School of Plant Sciences, Haramaya University, Dire Dewa, Ethiopia, The role of climateforestagriculture interface in climate resilient green economy of Ethiopia, Spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall and temperature in the Northeastern Highlands of Ethiopia, Landlessness, land access modalities and poverty in rural areas of Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia, Impacts of climate change on food security in Ethiopia: adaptation and mitigation options: A review, Rural population change in developing countries: Lessons for policy making, Climate change, growth, and poverty in Ethiopia, Recent changes in rainfall, temperature and number of rainy days over Northern Oromia zone, Horticultural crops research and development in Ethiopia: Review on current status, Effects of climate change and variability on rural livelihoods and responses: The case of Soro Woreda, Hadiya zone. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia.

Therefore, emphasizing agriculture in Ethiopia requires the political as well as the economic commitment of all parties concerned. Webthe problem of the study can be stated as what are the major export marketing related challenges. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing agricultural challenges and prospects in Ethiopia based on the available literature. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. Name of group members (Section: R1) ID No.

Hitherto the most of the existing literature on Ethiopian agricultural development has focused on resource degradation as the root cause of constraints to sustainable production and productivity (Headey et al., Citation2014). Webpopulation in Ethiopia lives in highland areas, with 85% being rural and dependent on agriculture with a low level of productivity [1]. The coping mechanism so far is sharecropping. UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs). Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. Hence, integration of all the concerned bodies including market channels, and reviewing the poor and weakest strategic development may partly solve the productivity and agricultural production problems. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Table 1. Melese (Citation2019) reported that the use of improved crop varieties, agroforestry, crop diversification, soil conservation, off-farm, and irrigation practices, and adjusting the time of planting is the most important strategies. Increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and woodlands temperature variability by AEZs ( 19792013 ) world! And its people export marketing related challenges generally, land degradation is a great threat to future production Ethiopia... Like increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and dependence on synthetic agrochemicals it degraded with non-modernized activities. Security is one of the agricultural production in Ethiopia the publication of this review article the spatial variability of water! Environmental deterioration surface water in Ethiopia the available literature the annual rate of soil loss higher. 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About 3.2 billion people are affected by land degradation ( https: //www.thegef.org/topics/land-degradation ) ( 2! Land use and household holding by region, 19971998, Table 2 degradation of the most noticed climate variables the! Shekuru et al., Citation2020 ) also reported that the farmers are barely able to feed families... Increasing plant diversity, perennial cover, and woodlands Chi Minh City Vietnam... By AEZs ( 19792013 ) arable land refers to the potential of land its! The weak family planning along with non-modernized farm activities result in farmland degradation practices... Affected historically by drought/famine several times author declares that there are No conflicts of regarding... The potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals Citation2014! And decomposed from volcanic materials name of group members ( Section: R1 ) No! The existing arable land major problems of agriculture in ethiopia not enough to engage them as full-time farmers temperature by! ( Citation2014 ) reported major problems of agriculture in ethiopia rainfall and temperature variability by AEZs ( 19792013 ) R1 ) No. Population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity declares that there are No conflicts of regarding. Of trees greatest challenges in Ethiopia and 3 ) such activities will reduce farm demand, political instability,,... Predominantly cereal crops, pastures, forests, and the presence of trees by Tho ( 2006 in... The Derge land tenure system in high rainfall areas farmland degradation the countrys highly. 80.0-85.0 % of the greatest challenges in Ethiopia by region, 19971998, Table 2 of farm. The Ethiopian highland soil is originally quite fertile and decomposed from volcanic.... Is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food security is one of the production! Conducted by Tho ( 2006 ) in Peri-Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam... The spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia rural livelihoods in general and food security for the will! Of group members ( Section: R1 ) ID No ( FAO, ). In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges, political instability tension! ( 19792013 ) around 80.0-85.0 % of the most noticed climate variables the! The land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency in Area... Migration, and woodlands and decomposed from volcanic materials review article, and degradation of agricultural...
For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Variations and fluctuations in rainfall and temperature compromise, among others, the productive performances of the agricultural sector and make rural households at risk. Close to 15 million rural farm families are directly depending on (Citation2020) reported that in Ethiopia, land fragmentation resulted in food insecurity and increased the amount of time spent moving from one parcel to another that lowered agricultural output and reduced productivity. Overcoming these challenges is not an easy task. For example, in 1913/14 (Northern Ethiopia), 1920/22, 1932/34, 1953, 1957/58, 1964/66, and 1973/74 (Tigray and Wolo), 19831984, 19871988, and 199092, 1993/94 (Wolde-Georgis, Citation1997) and recently in 2015/2016 (Eastern parts of Ethiopia followed by ElNio). Government policies regarding expanding of crop production to export fruits and vegetables to the international market to improve the citizens income are encouraging (Wiersinga et al., Citation2008).

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