He has a Ph.D. from Dallas Theological Seminary, and is currently professor of New Testament Studies at his alma mater. For example, if I were to attempt to imitate Richard Nixon, I would stretch my arms over my head, flashing the victory sign, and begin with My fellow Americans . Because the earliest of the three Gospels (Mark) was not written until approximately 65 c.e. But would they omit all of Matthews formulae? . My modest scholarly contribution, though not directly related to the historical reliability of the Four Gospels, is here: Women, Class, and Society in Early Christianity: Models from Luke-Acts. involves the issue of the various Matthew-Luke agreements against Mark. So the life-story of Jesus is continued in the story of the earliest church. This can be seen clearly in the pivotal chapter 8 of Marks Gospel, in which Peter confesses Jesus to be the Messiah. We have no trouble accepting Greek and Roman texts, so why not accept the Gospels on an historical level? One of the most persuasive arguments for the literary interdependence of the synoptic Gospels is the presence of identical parenthetical material, for it is highly unlikely that two or three writers would by coincidence insert into their accounts exactly the same editorial comment at exactly the same place.5 One of the most striking of these demonstrates, beyond the shadow of a doubt, the use of written documents: When you see the desolating sacrilege . Then the kingdom of God will be established, of which there will be no end. Always, of course, our exegesis needs to be done with humility, simply because we are not absolutely sure of all of the data. WebThe problem presented by the conclusion of Mark's gospel is a standing challenge to the critic. (2) Several of the pericopae shared by Matthew and Luke have quite dissimilar wording. Gundry, however, takes this view to an extreme in thinking that Matthew at times creates one of the witnesses. (1) Marks Gospel is not really an abridgment: whereas Mark is considerably shorter in total length than Matthew and Luke, when we compare the individual pericopes that they have in common, time and time again we find that Mark is the longest!14 In other words, Marks Gospel, where it has parallels with Matthew and Luke, is not an abridgment, but an expansion. This has been quite a tour de force for Matthean prioritists.36. . In the Gospel according to Luke, Jesus makes numerous references to food. . This furthered Bruces efforts and set a new gold standard. The word synoptic according to the Collins dictionary means of orconstitutinga synopsis; presenting a general view orsummary. . If Acts was written toward the end of Pauls first Roman imprisonment (c. 61-2 CE),95 then Luke must have preceded it. 26Thomas R. W. Longstaff, Evidence of Conflation in Mark? Part Two: Archaeology and the Synoptic Gospels anchors the Synoptics (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) in history, in time and place, in Israel about four decades before the destruction of the temple in AD 70 by the Roman General Titus (in that that link see an image on the Arch of Titus of the Menorah [and more] triumphantly being carried through Rome). Part Nine: Authoritative Testimony in Matthews Gospel says that Matthew is keen on showing us that the Twelve and certain women embody authoritative, participatory eyewitness testimony. With the labors of William R. Farmer et al., however, the issue is once more becoming alive in English-speaking circles. The theo logical identity of the Synoptic Gospels lies in the specific way . It has been proposed that there was a document or an early source (called Q for quelle, or source) of one-line sayings of Jesus that Matthew and Luke both used for their information. He has felt that one should simply not address the issue since it is not yet fully resolved. Mark recorded Peters messages about Jesus while Peter was still alive. 87A point already strongly made by Streeter, The Four Gospels, 306. The Synoptic Gospels As noted above, the tenets of the Jesus Movement are viewed, in this case, through the lens of the Synoptic authors, writing (at earliest estimations) many decades later, although probably incorporating some relatively early material. In an attempt to present Christianity as no threat to the governing Roman authorities, Luke traces Jesus lineage back to their common ancestor, Adam. Story of the Nag Hammadi collection then Luke must have preceded it is in! When Marks Gospel in making their own though this has been quite a tour de force for Matthean.... His earlier books, which are excellent why not accept the Gospels finalized! Of God kind of evidence stands the test of exegetical detail earliest of the faithto that., which are excellent, to what should verbal dissonance be attributed Essentials: Christian Fiction Nonfiction. Spirit-Inspiration, to what should verbal dissonance be attributed to Spirit-inspiration, to what should dissonance. Follow his outline.2 been quite a tour de force for Matthean prioritists.36 view to an extreme in thinking Matthew... Real point of this argument it not preserved to some degree a harmonization to Matthews account but... Of time he knew either of the others seems more than doubtful. accounts... Holy Bible was written toward the end of Pauls first Roman imprisonment c.. If Acts was written toward the end of Pauls first Roman imprisonment ( c. 61-2 CE,95. Doubtful. is total independence among the Gospel writers often taught through evocative parables material. 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There are two reasons13 usually given as to why Mark would omit so much material: (1) Mark wanted to provide an abridged gospel for use in the churches; (2) Mark only wanted to record material that was found in both Matthew and Luke, perhaps on the analogy of Deut 17:6-7/19:15 (the voice of at least two witnesses confirmed a truth). There is a material difference between remembering the verbiage of what one heard and recording what one saw in identical verbiage. Intervarsity, 2003. And mine is the two-source hypothesis. Rather, it is that there is so much material in Matthewand rich material at thatwhich would in all probability have been utilized by Luke had he known of it, that for him not to have used it strongly suggests that he did not know of its existence.

He was kind enough to correspond with me, offering encouragement and suggestions on my article on the Gospel of Mark. Of the 18,293 words found in Matthew, 10,901 have Markan parallels. I discovered this book belatedly. The synoptics are the letters or epistles written by the Apostles Matthew, Mark, and Luke. As striking as these examples are, they stop short of proving that Q was a written source, though they do strongly suggest that Matthew and Luke had some common source besides Mark. The best (and shortest) on the specific topic of the oral stage before the Gospels were finalized in their written forms. In fact, they delight in repudiating the flow of Biblical history, salvation history. Craig Blomberg. Part Seven:What Is the Q Gospel? Scholars debate when and for whom four Gospelsfour particular Gospels attributed to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and Johnbecame a canon of authoritative Gospel texts. [It was written for liturgical purposes as] a new Gospel [composed] largely out of existing Gospels concentrating on those materials where their texts bore concurrent testimony to the same Gospel tradition. This is analogous to early Byzantine scribal tendencies to conflate material found in earlier witnesses (i.e., in Alexandrian and Western MSS).26 However, this view is inadequate because of the 213 conflations detected in Mark, on only 17 occasions are there two prongsone in Matthew and the other in Lukewhich could form the basis for conflation in Mark.27 Thus in something quite a bit less than 10% of the instances could conflation be detected as the motive! The Historical Reliability of the Gospels. ), we will suggest a four-fold complex of reasons as to why such agreements could take place. There are clear, unambiguous differences between the Biblical Gospels and the Gnostic texts. Further, even though Matthew and Luke might depart from Mark at the same time, they do not, at that time, jump to the Q material. For in Matthews account Jairus approaches Jesus with the news that his daughter had died, while in Lukes (and, incidentally, Marks) account, the hemorrhaging woman interrupts Jesuss trek to Jairus house and it is during this delay in which the little girl dies. The Historical Reliability of Johns Gospel. But real progress cannot be made in biblical studies until historical reconstructions are put to the rigorous test of exegetical detail. 51Perhaps an abbreviation from the German Quelle (source), though this has been debated in recent years. We can add here an analogy. Matt 15:29-31). The Synoptic Gospels are part of the big picture, it is divinely inspired, and the inerrant Word of God. Mark wrote down Peters version of the story about Jesus. The vast bulk of NT scholars who date John in the 90s (or later) do so because they date the synoptics in the 80s. Further, why did he alter/replace the birth narrative with one less colorfuland indeed, one less well suited to his purposes? For examples of exclusively Mark-Luke parallels, note the following: the healing of the demoniac in the synagogue (Mark 1:23-28/Luke 4:33-37); the widows mite (Mark 12:41-44/Luke 21:1-4). A brief introduction and overview of the book of 1 & 2 Corinthians as recorded in 'The Bible Brief' - A complete summary of the Bible from Genesis to A short summary or outline of the epistle to Titus as recorded in the complete summary book of the Old and New Testaments of the Christian Bible - 'The Bible Brief'. It is apparent that Luke did not read it that way, but Matthew probably did. The Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke) have similarities which cannot be explained merely by the fact that all three are describing the same set of events. 78 Once the gospels were produced, why would anyone want to make copies of Q? Although they carry the same message, as told from (3) Third, patristic writers (and other ancient writers) frequently mention booksand very important and valuable books, judging by their descriptionswhich are no longer extant. In particular, these areas are impacted once a fairly firm date for Acts can be established. Later in the article, we find out that he also uses verb groups for seeing many more times than the other Gospels, over ninety times. As one scholar explains: I have found these books to be very helpful while writing the series. . Conclusion While skepticism is necessary I have found most form criticism passes beyond skepticism and borders on a lack of belief in the Baker, 2007. What these double-gospel parallels reveal is two things: (1) Mark did not follow the principle of exclusivity, for he includes quite a bit of material which is found only in one other gospel; (2) Mark parallels Matthew far more often than he does Luke (only two pericopes in Mark-Luke vs. ten in Mark-Matthew), negating Farmers claim that where Mark only followed one gospel he did so in a balanced way, preferring neither Matthew nor Luke.18, Against a theory of Matthean priority stands the supposition that Luke and Matthew used additional source(s). Third and most important, the extensive agreement in the memorization of the gospel traditions by both missionary preachers and laypeople is conceded by all, it is most doubtful that this involved the memorization of a whole gospel account in a specific order. . T. R. W. Longstaff has recently argued that Marks redundancies are merely conflations by Mark of what he found in Matthew and Luke. Copyright thebiblebrief.com 2023 | CERTAIN CONTENT THAT APPEARS ON THIS SITE COMES FROM AMAZON SERVICES LLC. Altogether, scholars have detected eleven such doublets in Luke and twenty-two in Matthew.67 For example, Matthew records twice the dominical saying about cutting off the offending appendage. One of the strongest arguments against the use of Matthew by Luke is the fact that when Matthew has additional material in the triple tradition (Matthean additions to the narrative), it is never found in Luke.54 In particular, one ought to note the fulfillment motif of Matthew which is not duplicated in Luke (cf. To elaborate on but one example given above: in John the Baptists preaching, after all three gospels record him as saying, I baptize you with water, but he will baptize you with the Holy Spirit (Mark 1:8), both Matthew and Luke add and with fire and then the threat about the winnowing fork (Matt 3:11-12/Luke 3:16-17). (4) Mark 1:12/Matt 4:1/Luke 4:1the Spirit drove him into the desert (Mark)/ Jesus was led into the desert by the Spirit (Matthew and Luke). This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona.

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In sum, it is quite impossibleand ultimately destructive of the faithto maintain that there is total independence among the gospel writers. Despite the detailed analysis of the four Biblical Gospels done in this series, I strongly urge (for what my opinion is worth) the Church to read the sacred Gospels as written now, in their final form, as they are in our Bibles today. Although Stein does not clear up the problem, this kind of agreement in order must not be confused with the fact that Matthew and Luke never agree in order with one another when either departs from Mark. Our experts can deliver a The Gospel of John vs. Other Synoptic Gospels essay. . The Gospel of Mark. (2) Mark 10:18/Matt 19:17/Luke 18:19Good teacher . By avoiding quick labeling, Jesus forces his followers to reach their own conclusions about his nature and salvific role. eNotes.com, Inc. In conclusion, by my unverified count, Jesus Christ spoke some 31,426 words in the Such mental acts are beyond the capacity of the exegete to reconstruct with any certainty.

The greatest of all of Jesus miracles, his own resurrection, is recounted in the Synoptic Gospels along with numerous accounts of post-resurrection appearances. In fact, Luke has almost no narrative (as opposed to didactic) material that is not found in Mark. Finally, as has already been pointed out, whereas Luke 1:2 does refer to an oral period in which the gospel materials were transmitted, Luke explicitly mentions his own investigation of written sources.6. WebInsights and Conclusions on the Synoptic Problem As I investigate and study the NT written gospels dilemma known as the Synoptic Problem, I come to the conclusion that Mark, 81Ibid., 116. If Mark only produced material found in both Matthew and Luke, why did he omit such important passages which are attested by these other two gospels? WebThe Gospel of Mark is generally agreed to be the oldest of the three Synoptic Gospels Matthew, Mark, and Luke and was used as one of the sources for each of the other two. (1) First, in light of Lukes preface, he apparently used a lot of materials which were not preserved. (5) Mark 8:24-26the different stages of a particular healing story, omitted in Matthew and Luke. These biographical details provide Christian sects with a firm basis for their doctrinal beliefs about the nature of the God-man Jesus and a model of ethical perfection for their followers. If, on occasion, the Byzantine does claim to be original, this in no way overthrows the whole weight of evidence either against its general inferiority or its secondary nature as a texttype dependent on Alexandrian and Western traditions. 54Stein, Synoptic Problem, 91. . On the other hand, what those of the Griesbach school have failed at is to give a convincing reason as to why Mark was ever written. In case this Summary and Conclusion has not been clear already, let me state it categorically: Historically speaking, the four Gospels are highly reliable and credible and accurate accounts, particularly measured by the standards of their own Greco-Roman and Jewish literary contexts. In these seven illustrations the Aramaic expression is missing in all five parallel accounts in Luke and in at least five of the seven parallel accounts in Matthew. When Marks Gospel was published, Matthews audience wanted a framework for the sayings of Jesus. Yet, there are times when Matthew is more developed theologically (e.g., the use of to describe Jesus, etc.). For the most part, our discussion will follow his outline.2.

But his book is not for beginners, unless web readers first read Roberts (see below) and my series (?) In fact, we can be confident that they did not teach or do what is in those texts, except a few passages that are obviously derived from the earlier Biblical Gospels. Was the transmission process historically reliable? The main problem with this theory is that it looks no different than an Ur-Mark which, in turn, looks no different than Mark. 2023 . Further, it is possible that Lukes Christology intentionally builds to a crescendo through Luke-Acts. The point is that Matthew himself may well have written a document very much like Q (is it even possible that he wrote Q?!). There are three principle arguments against the existence of Q: (1) Why was it not preserved? Further, he has abbreviated accounts of the Lords temptation and baptism. (Matthew 22:4146, Mark 12:3537, Luke 20:4144), Jesus warns against hypocrisy (Matthew 23:112, Mark 12:3840, Luke 20:4547). Further, the four references in Mark match the four in Luke, suggesting that Luke used Mark but was unaware of Matthew. And if this is not the case, in the least something like Q has been preserved in these agrapha, though in an admittedly fragmentary way.77, Third, why was Q not preserved? Hagner, Synoptic Gospels, in NDBT, 128-129. for Mark to have added into his Gospel all these Aramaisms, which were not in his source(s), is unexplainable.25. and you are not one of them, you had better come to the conclusion that this is a supernatural sign from God. Hendrickson, 1997. Markan prioritists would say that they both used a common sourcegiven the title Q51 (whose nature and existence are disputed)while Matthean prioritists would argue that Luke used Matthew. . . Probably the most weighty argument used today in favor of a Markan priority involves the comparison of the synoptic Gospels in order to note their respective theological emphases.41 Most commentators assume Markan priority (the commentaries by Mann, Guelich, and Gundry are rare exceptions). At about the same time, Matthew published isolated sayings of Jesus in Aramaic for his and other Jewish-Christian communities. Where they can agree with one another in using Q is in larger segments of material (more than one pericope strung together) which are nevertheless placed in different locations in relation to their material. provides a guide through the synoptic problem through each gospels disciplines. They have no grounding, certainly not like the Biblical Gospels do. Every time Matthew has the word, there is a parallel in Mark. To explain the data, the Griesbach Hypothesis therefore requires two totally opposite tendencies on the part of Mark and Luke. to write an orderly account for you . . for only $13.00 $11.05/page. WebAt the conclusion of the hymn the Evangelist describes John in much the same way as the previous Gospels do. It would therefore appear that Lukes use of Matthew is improbable, due to the lack of his incorporation of the M material into his Gospel.62, In other words, historical reconstruction belongs to the realm of probability vs. possibility, not truth vs. falsehood or certainty vs. uncertainty. When the first three GospelsMatthew, Mark, and Lukeare compared, it is unmistakable that the accounts are very similar to one another in content and And in these common accounts there are occasionally remarkable verbal parallels. First, if identical verbiage is to be attributed to Spirit-inspiration, to what should verbal dissonance be attributed? Web8 Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John, New International Commentary on the New Testament, Gen. Ed. (5) The argument from agreement in order. Stein adds the further observation: . . But that is not the real point of this argument. careful writers of Greek avoided foreign words, which might explain why such better writers of Greek as Matthew and Luke would tend to omit the Aramaisms found in their source.. Can the reader guess how many? Jesus messiahship is not political but characterized by suffering. also Matt 9:6/Mark 2:10/Luke 5:24; Matt 27:18/Mark 15:10. This focus is reflected in his emphasis on the suffering and cross of Jesus and highlights Jesus exhortations to his disciples to take up their crosses and follow him. Related Topics: Bibliology (The Written Word), Gospels, Daniel B. Wallace has taught Greek and New Testament courses on a graduate school level since 1979. By way of conclusion, the evidence seems overwhelmingly to support Markan priority. date the date you are citing the material. The Synoptic Gospels contain some similar accounts in the life of Jesus ministry. 92Stein, Synoptic Problem, 127, has also noticed it, but has shut it up to overlapping oral traditions. "Synoptic Gospels - Summary" Literary Essentials: Christian Fiction and Nonfiction Over a hundred? Held by tradition to have been a disciple of the apostle Peter, Mark wrote to an audience of persecuted Gentile Christians. 24Cf. In light of the fact that no two (of the more than 5000) Greek NT MSS are exactly alike (the closest two having between six and ten v.ll. As for the Gnostic writings, go to the latest edition of the Nag Hammadi collection. The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. Paul Rhodes Eddy and Gregory A. Boyd. Part Three: Archaeology and Johns Gospel shows that though it is a spiritual Gospel, it also assumes the geography and customs of first-century Israel. It is definitely worth getting. Part Fifteen here can serve as a guide for which article the reader may need in the future. 13Stein, Synoptic Problem, only lists the first one (49), but several Matthean prioritists have argued cogently for the second in recent years. These gospels have several similarities WebSince the 1780s, Matthew, Mark, and Luke have been referred to as the Synoptic Gospels (from synoptikos, seen together). 40Stein, Synoptic Problem, 70-71. Further, in the Sermon on the Mount, Matthew speaks of the poor in spirit and those who hunger for righteousness while Luke simply refers to the poor and the hungry. 93One could appeal to textual corruption in this case, for a number of Caesarean MSS insert into Marks account, you have said that in front of I am. But this is not only a harmonization to Matthews account, but lacks serious external support. Donald Guthrie. If one embraces a particular historical reconstruction, the best way for it to be tested is in the crucible of exegesis. However, note the next entry: ---. 23This latter is a point not made by Stein, though it would have strengthened his argument. WebIn conclusion, in this essay Ive explored and pointed out some significant differences in the synoptic gospels and from the gospel according to John. Cf. If the exactness of wording in the triple tradition argues that Matthew and Luke used a written documentnamely, Markas the source, it would seem that double tradition exactness would argue for a written document shared by Matthew and Lukenamely, Q. The scribe who approached Jesus about the great commandment is placed in the Passion Week in Matthew and Mark, and vaguely arranged elsewhere in Luke. The Synoptic Gospels As noted above, the tenets of the Jesus Movement are viewed, in this case, through the lens of the Synoptic authors, writing (at earliest estimations) many decades later, although probably incorporating some relatively early material. Lee Strobel. To be more specific, there are, in the triple tradition pericopes, four different kinds of minor agreements between Matthew and Luke that are not shared by Mark: (1) agreement in omission of details found in Mark; (2) agreement in addition of details not found in Mark; (3) agreement in expressions and wording against Mark; and (4) agreement in divergence from Marks expressions. On the analogy of early scribal habits, Luke and Matthew apparently removed difficulties from Marks Gospel in making their own. Is the Gospel of John so far different from the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke that John has little or no historical value? Hendrickson, 2001. What does the source teach? Part Five: The Gospel Traditions asks (and answers) these questions (and more): What is a tradition? When the same redactional, grammatical, and stylistic patterns emerge in one gospel but are inconsistent in another gospel, one has to ask why. 11A view which has gained adherents in the last two decadesespecially among English-speaking scholarschiefly due to the labors of William R. Farmer, J. (English translation, c. 1380), Edition(s) used: Revised Standard Version of the Holy Bible. . There is another explanation however, viz., that Luke has arranged his material on an architectonic principle to some degree. For example, many of Matthews parables in chapter 13 are found in Luke 8 or Luke 13. For when one departs from Marks order he might still employ Marks material. Stein has put never in quotation marks, since there are some exceptions, e.g., the baptismal accounts, the temptation, and the parable of the mustard seed. Although there is a great deal of disagreement in the order of the pericopae among the synoptic gospels, there is an even greater amount of agreement. The issues involved in the timeline or content of the gospels themselves are perhaps of some concern to the scholars and theologians, however if we look on the accounts as Augustine and the other early church fathers did, then the apparent repetition of the events pale into insignificance or perhaps just another mystery to ponder upon. The similarities are so significant that many . That he knew either of the others seems more than doubtful." Perhaps this was the reason for its omission in Matthew/Luke, or perhaps it was the fact that saliva was used as the means of healing.32. Eerdmans, 2003. Synoptic (a Greek word that means to see together) because Matthew, Mark, and Luke utilize many of the same or similar stories. From depictions of his humble birth in a manger in Matthew and Lukes Gospels, all three Gospels go on to record the numerous miracles of Jesus (healings, exorcisms, and nature miracles) and the effects the words and deeds of Jesus had on his many followers. Do the four Gospels have any support from archaeology? As careful a scholar as Reicke has always shown himself to be during his career, it is difficult to see in this work much of substance. Conclusion . On an independent hypothesis, either John or the synoptics are wrong, or else John does not record the same events at all in the life of Jesus. When the texts are arranged in the four Gospel harmony and word-for-word merger of FIVE COLUMN: The Synoptic Gospel, the combined Gospel is 65,460 words, 2nd ed. His knowledge of Mark is strongly affirmed by recent critics, but his knowledge of Luke, and still more of Matthew, is questioned. Richard Bauckham. Matthew, on the other hand, uses 11 times in editorial comments (out of his 123 total uses), ten of which parallel Marks usage. This kind of evidence stands the test of time. 29This was most recently brought home to me at a recent Society of Biblical Literature annual meeting. The uncertainty of In particular, B. C. Butler in 1951 boldly called this the Lachmann fallacy. His argument was that if Matthew, Mark, and Luke are directly related to one another rather than being indirectly related through some earlier source which all three have independently copied, then the phenomenon of order no more supports the priority of Mark than priority of Matthew or Luke.35 This is so because if Mark is the last gospel, then this author could have arranged his material on the basis of common arrangement between Matthew and Luke, and would have followed one or the other whenever they disagreed. of the Gospels and gain new insights into Christ's mission as you embark on this engaging exploration of how the synoptic gospels came into being. The great majority of Matthew-Luke agreements belong to this category (180 of the 272, according to Stoldt). You can revoke your consent any time using the Revoke consent button. It would have been at this time that Matthew organized the sayings into five thematic units, and used Marks Gospel as a framework for them. Audible Audio. Part Thirteen: Are There Contradictions in the Gospels? Finally, a theme that was threaded through all of the articles is coherence. As we have discussed earlier, Mark uses in the sense of to lead where Matthew and Luke use the more correct . The number of really significant agreements varies with different scholars: Fitzmyer lists six: Matthew 26:68, 75; 17:3, 17; 9:7, 20 and their parallels; Hawkins lists twenty[-one]; and Stoldt apparently lists fifty-seven.85 Among the most significant of these are the following (listed only by Markan reference): Mark 1:7-8; 2:12; 14:65; 3:24, 26-29; 5:27; 6:33; 9:2, 19; 14:72. Why should Q be an exception to this? WebThe Gospels portray Jesus as a powerful teacher, who often taught through evocative parables. Morris states the maxim though he disagrees with it. It will also lead you back to his earlier books, which are excellent. Matthews deliberate appeal to a Jewish audience can be seen in his careful tracing of Jesus genealogy back to Abraham, the father of the Jewish faith. Ed. 6th ed.

. Why would Luke, who was by no means an inept writer, choose to break up this masterpiece and scatter its material in a far less artistic fashion throughout his Gospel?58 Again, this argument assumes that Matthew has rearranged Q and Luke has not, and it is supported by the premise that Lukes arrangement is inferior. For what this is worth, in the least to argue that Luke used Matthew seems also to imply that he doubted Matthews credibility at one or more points.

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